The Science

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) Therapy promotes the health and wellbeing of the entire body by supporting its natural processes from the cellular level. Magnetic fields that are pulsed with specific time-varying waveforms can influence cellular signaling and modulate their function. Since all cells in the body are comprised of the same basic components that are sensitive to PEMF, this therapy has a wide range of applications within different tissue types. The multitude of benefits provided by PEMF Therapy have been documented extensively in medical research journals dating back to the 1970’s, with hundreds of articles already published and dozens more coming out every year.

We have studied the available research in great detail to ensure that our products will be able to effectively apply PEMF therapy and reproduce the incredible results that have been reported in these studies. The science behind PEMF is still young and there is much yet to be learned regarding new applications and optimizing the treatment parameters. We are committed to keeping up with the latest research as it comes out to make sure our products are implementing the most accurate and cutting-edge science available. We have summarized the most compelling results of this research in the following section for your benefit and will continue to update it as it develops.

Not only does it enable broken bones to heal more rapidly, but it can also increase bone density and strength, helping to prevent fractures in the first place.

The discovery of PEMF therapy health benefits dates back to the 1970's, with its application in bone repair, drastically improving the successful union rate for fractured bones.¹ Since then, further research has validated its application to bone growth regulation, identifying specific cellular mechanisms of action^2-7 and refining the PEMF signal parameters for clinical application.^8,9 PEMF’s modulation of cellular activity and proliferation can help improve bone density and microstructure to prevent osteoporosis,^2,6,10 decrease disuse-related osteopenia,^11,12 increase the rate of fracture repair,^13-15 and improve implant osseointegration.¹⁶

1. Bassett et al. (1977) - A Non-Operative Salvage of Surgically-Resistant Pseudoarthoses and Non-Unions by Pulsing Electromagnetic Fields.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/598067/

2. Chang et al. (2003) - Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Prevent Osteoporosis in an Ovariectomized Female Rat Model: A Prostaglandin E2-Associated Process.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.10078

3. Chang et al. (2004) - Effect of Pulse-Burst Electromagnetic Field Stimulation on Osteoblast Cell Activities.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20016

4. Selvamurugan et al. (2007) - Effects of BMP-2 and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) on Rat Primary Osteoblastic Cell Proliferation and Gene Expression.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.20409

5. Martino et al. (2008) - The Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on the Cellular Activity of SaOS-2 Cells
https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20372

6. Jing et al. (2013) - Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Improve Bone Microstructure and Strength in Ovariectomized Rats through a Wnt/Lrp5/b-Catenin Signaling-Associated Mechanism
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079377

7. He et al. (2018) - Pulsed electromagnetic fields inhibit human osteoclast formation and gene expression via osteoblasts.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2017.09.020

8. Rubin et al. (1993) - Optimization of electric field parameters for the control of bone remodeling: exploitation of an indigenous mechanism for the prevention of osteopenia.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650081327

9. Chang et al. (2003) - Effects of Different Intensities of Extremely Low Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Formation of Osteoclast-Like Cells.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.10118

10. Li et al. (2018) - Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Evaluating the Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Marrow Adiposity in Postmenopausal Women With Osteopenia.
https://doi.org/10.1097/RCT.0000000000000757

11. Shen et al. (2010) - Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Stimulation Affects BMD and Local Factor Production of Rats With Disuse Osteoporosis.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.20535

12. Refai et al. (2014) - Radiodensitometric Assessment of the Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulation Versus Low Intensity Laser Irradiation on Mandibular Fracture Repair: A Preliminary Clinical Trial.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-013-0551-2

13. Midura et al. (2005) - Pulsed electromagnetic field treatments enhance the healing of fibular osteotomies.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orthres.2005.03.015

14. Androjna et al. (2014) - Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Treatment Enhances Healing Callus Biomechanical Properties in an Animal Model of Osteoporotic Fracture.
https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.21855

15. Mohajerani et al. (2019) - Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on mandibular fracture healing: A randomized control trial, (RCT)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2019.02.022

16. Jing et al. (2016) - Pulsed electromagnetic fields promote osteogenesis and osseointegration of porous titanium implants in bone defect repair through a Wnt/β-catenin signaling-associated mechanism.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32045

PEMF therapy can help with recovery from both acute and chronic injuries, in addition to reducing pain and improving mobility in sore/stiff joints.

PEMF can improve joint health through several different mechanisms of action. In addition to bone (discussed previously), articulating joints typically consist of 3 main biomechanical components: cartilage, ligament, and tendon. PEMF has been shown to benefit all 3 of these types of tissue, with the most attention given to cartilage.¹ PEMF stimulation can increase the proliferation of chondrocytes,^2,3 promote chondrogenic stem cell differentiation,^4,5 and inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis.⁶ PEMF also modulates the activity of chondrocytes, simultaneously producing anabolic and anti-catabolic effects, which causes them to increase synthesis of cartilage extracellular matrix components (such as proteoglycans, collagen, glycosaminoglycans)^7,8 and suppress processes that degenerate cartilage.⁹ In addition to all these benefits, PEMF also acts as a potent anti-inflammatory stimulus.¹⁰ With all of these factors working together, PEMF can be a powerful tool to protect against natural age-related cartilage degeneration,¹¹ and enable regeneration of damaged/injured cartilage tissue.^12,13 Use of PEMF in clinical applications have demonstrated significant decreases in pain and improvements in function for patients suffering from osteoarthritis.¹⁴

Healing of ligaments and tendons, major supporting structures in joints, can also be accelerated using PEMF therapy. Tissue cultures exhibit increased cell proliferation and expression of tissue-specific anabolic genes when exposed to PEMF.^15-18 Improved healing rates and tissue properties were demonstrated for tendon injuries with PEMF application.^19-21

1. Iwasa et al. (2018) - Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields and Tissue Engineering of the Joints.
https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0294

2. Mattei et al. (2001) - Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Human Articular Chondrocyte Proliferation.
https://doi.org/10.3109/03008200109016841

3. Fitzsimmons et al. (2008) - A Pulsing Electric Field (PEF) Increases Human Chondrocyte Proliferation through a Transduction Pathway Involving Nitric Oxide Signaling.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.20590

4. Esposito et al. (2013) - Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, WJ-MSCs, into Chondrogenic Cells in the Presence of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields.
https://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/27/4/495

5. Parate et al. (2017) - Enhancement of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis with short-term low intensity pulsed electromagnetic fields.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09892-w

6. Li et al. (2011) - Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on cartilage apoptosis signalling pathways in ovariectomised rats.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-011-1245-3

7. Mattei et al. (2007) - Proteoglycan synthesis in bovine articular cartilage explants exposed to different low-frequency low-energy pulsed electromagnetic fields.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2006.06.019

8. Parate et al. (2020) - Pulsed electromagnetic fields potentiate the paracrine function of mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage regeneration.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-020-1566-5

9. Zhou et al. (2016) - Pulsed electromagnetic field ameliorates cartilage degeneration by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinases in a rat model of osteoarthritis.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.10.003

10. Varani et al. (2008) - Characterization of adenosine receptors in bovine chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes exposed to low frequency low energy pulsed electromagnetic fields.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2007.07.004

11. Fini et al. (2008) - Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation on knee cartilage, subchondral and epyphiseal trabecular bone of aged Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2007.03.001

12. Veronesi et al. (2015) - Pulsed electromagnetic fields combined with a collagenous scaffold and bone marrow concentrate enhance osteochondral regeneration: an in vivo study.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-015-0683-2

13. Boopalan et al. (2011) - Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy results in healing of full thickness articular cartilage defect.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-010-0994-8

14. Wu et al. (2018) - Efficacy and safety of the pulsed electromagnetic field in osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022879

15. Girolamo et al. (2013) - Low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field affects proliferation, tissue-specific gene expression, and cytokines release of human tendon cells.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-013-9514-y

16. Girolamo et al. (2015) - In vitro functional response of human tendon cells to different dosages of low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-014-3143-x

17. Liu et al. (2016) - Role of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on tenocytes and myoblasts-potential application for treating rotator cuff tears.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23278

18. Colombini et al. (2020) - A2A adenosine receptors are involved in the reparative response of tendon cells to pulsed electromagnetic fields.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239807

19. Strauch et al. (2006) - Pulsed magnetic field therapy increases tensile strength in a rat Achilles’ tendon repair model
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2006.03.024

20. Huegel et al. (2018) - Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy at different frequencies and durations on rotator cuff tendon-to-bone healing in a rat model.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2017.09.024

21. Huegel et al. (2020) - Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy on Rat Achilles Tendon Healing.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24487

PEMF therapy can support heart health by improving blood and nutrient flow to the heart in addition to making it easier for the heart to pump blood throughout the body. PEMF has also been shown to reduce blood pressure and improve recovery from heart attacks.

PEMF can increase circulating nitric oxide (NO) levels throughout the body, and by doing so it can dilate blood vessels and facilitate greater blood flow at decreased pressures. By decreasing the systemic blood pressure required to deliver a given blood volume, it decreases the strain on the pump that is producing the pressure, i.e. the heart. This blood pressure lowering effect by PEMF therapy is most pronounced during exercise and in people with hypertension, but it has only mild effects in healthy individuals at rest and will not produce a hypotensive state.^1,2 A common and effective treatment for patients with hypertension are pharmaceuticals that invoke a NO producing effect within the body.³ One of the leading causes of death in humans globally is heart failure by means of myocardial infarction (MI), also known as heart attack, which is the damage or death of heart tissue due to lack of sufficient blood supply. PEMF can stimulate the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is a signalling protein that promotes angiogenesis - the creation of new blood vessels. Vasodilating coronary arteries with NO and stimulating angiogenesis around the heart by VEGF is a potent combination that will improve the heart’s blood supply and protect against MI. Even following MI, PEMF can be used to improve cardiac function and help repair the incurred damage.^4,5

1. Kim et al. (2020) - The impact of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy on blood pressure and circulating nitric oxide levels: a double blind, randomized study in subjects with metabolic syndrome.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08037051.2019.1649591

2. Nishimura et al. (2011) - A 1uT extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field vs. sham control for mild-to-moderate hypertension: a double-blind, randomized study.
https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2010.246

3. Pinheiro et al. (2017) - The potential of stimulating nitric oxide formation in the treatment of hypertension.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14728222.2017.1310840

4. Peng et al. (2020) - Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Increase Angiogenesis and Improve Cardiac Function After Myocardial Ischemia in Mice.
https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0758

5. Hao et al. (2014) - Pulsed electromagnetic field improves cardiac function in response to myocardial infraction.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24936220

PEMF can cause blood vessel expansion to increase blood flow and improve nutrient exchange within tissues. PEMF can promote the formation of new blood vessels where they’re needed.

PEMF can significantly improve the circulation of blood throughout your entire body. As previously described, nitric oxide (NO) is produced by the blood vessels via endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in response to PEMF application. While an instantaneous elevation in NO levels occurs locally (where the PEMF was applied),¹ it produces systemic effects as the NO circulates throughout the body.² Blood vessels dilate (expand) in response to the NO and cGMP signalling, which facilitates a greater volumetric flow rate of blood through the body. Increased blood flow improves the delivery rate of essential nutrients (oxygen, glucose, amino acids, etc.) and the removal rate of waste products (CO2, urea, etc.) from all tissues. Vasodilation of the microvasculature also improves blood perfusion and enhances nutrient exchange.^3,4

Another mechanism by which PEMF improves circulation is by stimulating angiogenesis through FGF-2 and VEGF signalling.^5-7 Angiogenesis is the process of creating new blood vessels, which is essential for healing damaged tissue and maintaining optimal blood supply.

1. Pilla (2012) - Electromagnetic fields instantaneously modulate nitric oxide signaling in challenged biological systems.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.078

2. Cichoń et al. (2017) - Benign Effect of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field on Brain Plasticity Assessed by Nitric Oxide Metabolism during Poststroke Rehabilitation.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2181942

3. Smith et al. (2004) - Microcirculatory effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-0266(03)00157-8

4. Bragin et al. (2015) - Increases in microvascular perfusion and tissue oxygenation via pulsed electromagnetic fields in the healthy rat brain.
https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.8.JNS132083

5. Tepper et al. (2004) - Electromagnetic fields increase in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis through endothelial release of FGF-2.
https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.03-0847fje

6. Li et al. (2014) - Pulsed electromagnetic field improves postnatal neovascularization in response to hindlimb ischemia.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26045885/

7. Peng et al. (2020) - Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Increase Angiogenesis and Improve Cardiac Function After Myocardial Ischemia in Mice.
https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0758

Certain PEMF signals can be used to alter states of consciousness, helping to relax and sleep or to become focused and alert. Other PEMF applications can nourish brain tissue with improved blood and nutrient delivery, resulting in improved cognitive performance and memory.

The brain is an organ that is especially sensitive to electromagnetic signals.¹ All our thoughts and brain activity is generated by the billions of brain cells (neurons) sending electrical signals back and forth within a vastly complex neuronal network. Time-varying magnetic fields (such as PEMF) induce electrical currents and can influence the signals transmitted within the body and between cells even at very low magnitudes that are insufficient to surpass the action potential of nerves. It has been shown that PEMF signals applied to the brain caused the brainwave pattern to shift and synchronize with the PEMF frequency.^2,3 By applying a particular frequency (or frequency sweep) with PEMF, one can shift their state of consciousness to achieve a desired result (alertness, relaxation, flow, etc.).

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a large role in brain function and can be augmented through PEMF. NO is a neurotransmitter that regulates cerebral blood flow, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. As with any other organ or tissue within the body, the brain can also benefit greatly from increased circulation and improved nutrient supply. Dilation of the brain’s microvasculature using PEMF has been shown to improve oxygenation and blood perfusion.⁴ Synaptic plasticity, affecting one’s learning, memory, and ability to recover from brain trauma.^5,6 PEMF has also been demonstrated to produce functional changes in the brain, increasing intracortical facilitation.⁷

1. Carrubba et al. (2009) - The Effects of Low-Frequency Environmental-Strength Electromagnetic Fields on Brain Electrical Activity: A Critical Review of the Literature.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15368370802088758

2. Zmeykina et al. (2020) - Weak rTMS‑induced electric fields produce neural entrainment in humans
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68687-8

3. Thut et al. (2011) - Rhythmic TMS Causes Local Entrainment of Natural Oscillatory Signatures
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.049

4. Bragin et al. (2015) - Increases in microvascular perfusion and tissue oxygenation via pulsed electromagnetic fields in the healthy rat brain
https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.8.JNS132083

5. Cichoń et al. (2017) - Benign Effect of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field on Brain Plasticity Assessed by Nitric Oxide Metabolism during Poststroke Rehabilitation
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2181942

6. Cichoń et al. (2018) - Increase in Blood Levels of Growth Factors Involved in the Neuroplasticity Process by Using an Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field in Post-stroke Patients
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00294

7. Capone et al. (2009) - Does exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields produce functional changes in human brain?
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-009-0184-2

PEMF therapy can aid in the repair of damaged nerves as well as reducing symptoms associated with improper nerve function.

PEMF has remarkable benefits for the peripheral nervous system. It has been demonstrated to promote and guide nerve growth,¹ allowing for improved repair and regeneration of damaged nerves.^2-6 PEMF can also aid in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy, improving nerve conduction and motor neuron function,⁷ aiding in pain management,^8-10 and protecting against nerve degeneration.¹¹

1. Macias et al. (2000) - Directed and Enhanced Neurite Growth With Pulsed Magnetic Field Stimulation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10797456/

2. Mohammadi et al. (2014) - Pulsed electromagnetic fields accelerate functional recovery of transected sciatic nerve bridged by chitosan conduit: An animal model study
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.11.004

3. Kim et al. (2015) - Co-treatment effect of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) with human dental pulp stromal cells and FK506 on the regeneration of crush injured rat sciatic nerve
https://doi.org/10.3109/00207454.2014.971121

4. Seo et al. (2018) - Low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field pretreated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote the regeneration of crush-injured rat mental nerve
https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.224383

5. Hei et al. (2016) - Effects of electromagnetic field (PEMF) exposure at different frequency and duration on the peripheral nerve regeneration: in vitro and in vivo study
https://doi.org/10.3109/00207454.2015.1054032

6. Hei et al. (2016) - Schwann-Like Cells Differentiated from Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Combined With a Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Can Improve Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.21966

7. Musaev et al. (2003) - The Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields with Complex Modulation in the Treatment of Patients with Diabetic Polyneuropathy
https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1025184912494

8. Weintraub et al. (2004) - Pulsed Magnetic Field Therapy in Refractory Neuropathic Pain Secondary to Peripheral Neuropathy: Electrodiagnostic Parameters—Pilot Study
https://doi.org/10.1177/0888439003261024

9. Kortekaas et al. (2014) - A Novel Magnetic Stimulator Increases Experimental Pain Tolerance in Healthy Volunteers A Double-Blind Sham-Controlled Crossover Study
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061926

10. Liu et al. (2017) - The change of HCN1/HCN2 mRNA expression in peripheral nerve after chronic constriction injury induced neuropathy followed by pulsed electromagnetic field therapy
https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.13584

11. Lei et al. (2013) - Therapeutic Effects of 15 Hz Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Streptozotocin-Treated Rats
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061414

Excessive inflammation, due to an injury or otherwise, can result in swelling, pain, and a reduced ability to heal. PEMF therapy is highly effective in reducing inflammation and facilitating the healing process in all tissues of the body.

The anti-inflammatory effects of PEMF therapy are well-established and have far-reaching consequences for the health of multiple systems in the body. A primary mechanism of action for PEMF in the inflammatory process is via adenosine receptors (especially A2A and A3 subtypes), suppressing proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin beta (IL-β), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).¹

Another method of action is through the production of NO, which in turn inhibits caspase-1 from releasing active IL-1β.² Although inflammatory processes are necessary for the healthy functioning of the body, excessive inflammation is detrimental to the healing process. By downregulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, the cells’ environment becomes much more conducive to repair and regeneration.

There are applications for this in numerous disease conditions that are driven by inflammation in addition to natural healing processes in all tissues to recover from strenuous activity,³ injuries,^4,5 and more serious trauma.^6-8

1. Varani et al. (2017) - Adenosine Receptors as a Biological Pathway for the Anti-Inflammatory and Beneficial Effects of Low Frequency Low Energy Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2740963

2. Rohde et al. (2009) - Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Interleukin-1 and Postoperative Pain: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Study in Breast Reduction Patients
https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181c9f6d3

3. Liu et al. (2016) - Role of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on tenocytes and myoblasts-potential application for treating rotator cuff tears
https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23278

4. Chan et al. (2019) - Pulsed electromagnetic fields reduce acute inflammation in the injured rat-tail intervertebral disc
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsp2.1069

5. Colombini et al. (2020) - A2A adenosine receptors are involved in the reparative response of tendon cells to pulsed electromagnetic fields
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239807

6. Rasouli et al. (2012) - Attenuation of interleukin-1beta by pulsed electromagnetic fields after traumatic brain injury
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.089

7. Strauch et al. (2009) - Evidence-Based Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy in Clinical Plastic Surgery
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2009.02.001

8. Stocchero et al. (2015) - Pulsed electromagnetic fields for postoperative pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial in patients undergoing mandibular third molar extraction
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2014.11.017

Nitric Oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule produced by body that plays a key role in many physiological processes. NO is essential to the healthy function of the body, and inadequate amounts of NO can result in impaired healing capacity and the development of certain diseases.

With an abundance of energy available to the cell, it has the ability to perform all its functions more effectively, making you feel healthier and more energized.